Monhegan is a plantation on an island of the same name in Lincoln County, Maine, United States, about 12 nautical miles (22 km) off the coast. The population was 75 at the 2000 census. As a plantation, Monhegan's governmental status falls between township (unorganized territory) and town. The island is accessible by mailboat ferry (no automobiles) from Boothbay Harbor, New Harbor and Port Clyde.History
The name Monhegan derives from Monchiggon, Algonquian for "out-to-sea island." European explorers Martin Pring visited in 1603,Samuel de Champlain in 1604, George Weymouth in 1605 and Captain John Smith in 1614. The island got its start as a British fishing camp prior to settlement of the Plymouth Colony. Cod was harvested from the rich fishing grounds of the Gulf of Maine, then dried onfish flakes before shipment to Europe. A trading post was built to conduct business with the Indians, particularly in the lucrative fur trade. It was Monhegan traders who taught English to Samoset, the sagamore who in 1621 startled the Pilgrims by boldly walking into their new village at Plymouth and saying: "Welcome, Englishmen."
Despite success as a fishing and trade center, Monhegan would be caught in the conflict between New England and New France for control of the region. During King Philip's War, dispossessed English settlers from the mainland sought refuge on the island before being relocated elsewhere along the coast. During King William's War, the island was captured for the French in 1689 by Baron de Saint-Castin. He destroyed the fishing fleet and burned the buildings, with many inhabitants escaping to Massachusetts. But even during periods when Monhegan was abandoned, its convenient offshore harbor remained a stopover destination for ships. The conclusion of theFrench and Indian War in 1763 brought peace to the area, and on September 4, 1839, Monhegan was incorporated as an island plantation.
On April 29, 1717, Monhegan was visit by the pirate Snow (a type of two masted vessel) Anne. The "Anne" had originally been captured off the Virginia Capes in April by the pirate Samuel Bellamy in the Whydah, which wrecked in a storm on the night of April 26, 1717 off of Cape Cod. The Anne made it through the storm with another captured vessel, the Fisher (which was soon abandoned and the pirates aboard her transferred to the Anne). The pirates arrived at Monhegan on April 29, and waited for the Whydah, for the pirates had not see or hear about the Whydah wrecking in the storm of the night of April 26. The pirates eventually realized the Whydah was lost, and proceeded to attack vessels at Matinicus Island and Pemaquid (now called Bristol). The pirates outfitted a small 25-ton sloop that the pirates had captured off Matinicus that formerly belonged to Colonel Stephen Minot for their own uses. They abandoned all the other vessels (including the Anne) they had captured and most of their prisoners at Matinicus on or about May 9, 1717 on Minot's sloop.
In 1824, a conical stone lighthouse was built on the island by order of Congress and President James Monroe. Damaged by storms, it was replaced in 1850 by the present 48 foot (14.6 m) granite tower, with a fog bell station built in 1855 on nearby Manana Island. The island's 1,000 acres (400 hectares) of good land encouraged agriculture, with potatoes the chief crop. But fishing was always the most important industry, whether locally or at the Grand Banks. Today, it still dominates Monhegan’s economy. From December through May,fishermen harvest lobsters from the only lobster conservation area in the state of Maine.
Artist Colony
The beginnings of the art colony on Monhegan date to the mid-19th century; by 1890, it was firmly established. Among many early members who found inspiration on the island were summer visitors from the New York School of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, such as Robert Henri, George Bellows, Rockwell Kent, and Edward Hopper. Kent and Hopper both painted the 150 foot (50 m) northside cliffs at Blackhead:
Two of the early artists in residence from the 1890's, William Henry Singer (1868-1943) and Martin Borgord (1869-1935), left Monhegan to study at the Académie Julian in 1901.
Later members of the artist colony include Reuben Tam, Elena Jahn and Jamie Wyeth. Today the Monhegan Artists' Residency Corporation (MARC) tries to preserve the Monhegan artist colony by offering low cost lodgings to selected artists who otherwise could not afford to visit the island.
Notable residents and semi-residents
George Bellows, artist
Abraham Bogdanove, artist, visited in 1918, and most of his artwork was of views of the island by the 1920s; he visited the island every year until his death in 1946
Jon Bogdanove, comic book artist
Frank Bruckmann, artist
Kate Chappell, businesswoman
Tom Chappell, businessman
Corlis Carroll, artist
Jay Connaway, artist, visited in the 1920s and 1930s
Lynne Drexler, artist
Charles Ebert, with his wife, Mary, made summer trips to the island, beginning in 1909
Ernest Fiene, artist
Robert Henri, artist who invited many of his students and artist friends (beginning with Rockwell Kent), to visit the island; first arrived in 1903 but didn't return again until 1911, when he invited George Bellows.
Edward Hopper, artist, one of the few who still visited the island during World War I, when others had safety concerns
Eric Hudson, artist, first visited in 1897 and built a home in the harbor
Wilson Irvine, artist
Rockwell Kent, artist, first came at the invitation of Robert Henri and stayed for several years
Josh Mostel, actor
Frances Kornbluth, artist
Zero Mostel, actor
Edward Redfield, artist
Sonya Sklaroff, artist
Samuel Triscott, artist, first came to Monhagen in 1892, one of the earliest artists to visit the island
Andrew Winter, artist, visited in the 1920s before establishing permanent residency
Andrew Wyeth, artist
Jamie Wyeth, artist
N. C. Wyeth, artist
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the plantation has a total area of 4.5 square miles (11.7 km²), of which, 0.9 square miles (2.2 km²) of it is land and 3.7 square miles (9.5 km²) of it (80.97%) is water. Monhegan is an island 1.75 miles (2.8 kilometers) long and .75 of a mile (1.2 kilometers) wide located in the Gulf of Maine, part of the Atlantic Ocean. Adjacent Manana Island helps form Monhegan Harbor.
it]Demographics
As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 75 people, 46 households, and 21 families residing in the plantation. The population density was 87.5 people per square mile (33.7/km²). There were 177 housing units at an average density of 206.4/sq mi (79.5/km²). The racial makeup of the plantation was 97.33% White and 2.67% Asian.
There were 46 households out of which 13.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.6% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.3% were non-families. 47.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.63 and the average family size was 2.24.
In the plantation the population was spread out with 10.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 37.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 127.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.1 males.
The median income for a household in the plantation was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $53,125. Males had a median income of $36,563 versus $13,333 for females. The per capita income for the plantation was $20,568. There were 10.5% of families and 3.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 10.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
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